He flat out says it would be shameful for an Indian plumber, for example to do good work, because everyone is trying to scam everyone else.
Keith's reaction was a quick and keen analysis when he said that someone from the West, who is on the outside of that society, could never deduce from observing that kind of behavior what their motivation was.
When I lived in China, all of the Westerners were completely bewildered by this problem and, even when we were good friends with relatively high IQ mainlanders, who also said they were puzzled, no one could come to this conclusion because it is so antithetical to the problem-solving, truth-seeking mindset of a European.
I was friends with foreigners who were factory bosses, locals who were factory owners, locals who worked in factories, and foreigners who were doing QA for Western companies and, despite discussions with them about this behavior, for years I struggled to understand what I saw with my own eyes, which was a combination of: (1) competent work by locals who knew their trade, which I often saw in specialty and newer industries like bicycle repair & coffee brewing; (2) obviously incompetent work from locals who were just clueless, for example with the handymen (
shifu's) who did basic maintenance at apartment complexes; and (3) an incomprehensibly tenacious adherence to always doing things improperly even when doing it properly was equal effort, or sometimes less effort.
My foreign friend from Europe, who was fluent in Mandarin & Cantonese (we were in Guanzghou & Hong Kong, so I want to emphasize his cultural knowledge), told me stories from the large factory where he was the general manager, where both organic and intentional incompetence were just part of doing business.
He also told me how he hired a man in Hong Kong to come to his apartment and move a small display case from one wall to another, and the guy kept doing it incorrectly even though it was obvious he had more than enough skill for such a simple task. He was in my friend's apartment/house for hours screwing it up every way imaginable while my friend was doing stuff with his family in the other rooms and coming to check on the guy every 15-20 minutes to correct him, a process he kept repeating when he found the man had found discovered new and creative ways to install the shelf improperly.
My friend began showing him, step-by-step, what he wanted, using the man's own tools and trying to coax him into some facsimile of success, but the Hong Konger would always find a new way to misinterpret the simple instructions. Finally, my friend just did the job properly himself, paid the Hong Konger, and away he went. I experienced this kind of thing myself many times over the years in similar situations.
I eventually got a handle on what I saw when a young foreign friend of mine, who had been a middle-man for many deals in China, told me his theory that these mistakes were actually jokes that Chinese, in a weird way, actually played on each other sort of anonymously. His example was right before me as he pointed out how they would put door locks in upside down in half the doors of a new apartment installation and stuff like that.
It took me almost 10 years to come to peace with this aspect of mainland Chinese culture. It's basically a form of playing dumb, but performed in a way that is erratic enough to make it impossible to say it was intentional. People do this in order to avoid blame in lose-lose situations, which in China or India is basically their entire life, a depressing thought, I know.